Nanobiosensors for Early Detection of Obesity-Associated Metabolic Dysregulation: Advances in NonInvasive Diagnostics

Odile Patrick Thalia

Faculty of Biological Sciences Kampala International University Uganda

                                                                                        ABSTRACT

Obesity is a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by complex perturbations in glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, adipokine secretion, inflammation and organ-specific function. These changes often precede overt clinical complications by years, creating an important window in which early detection and intervention could prevent progression to type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease and cardiovascular events. Conventional diagnostics rely on intermittent blood tests that are invasive, inconvenient and poorly suited to continuous risk stratification. Nanobiosensors, integrating nanostructured transducers with selective biorecognition elements, are emerging as powerful tools for sensitive, real-time and non-invasive monitoring of metabolic biomarkers in easily accessible biofluids such as sweat, saliva, tears, urine and exhaled breath. This review summarizes the pathophysiological basis of obesity-associated metabolic dysregulation and the rationale for early, non-invasive detection. It then discusses design principles and transduction mechanisms of nanobiosensors, including electrochemical, optical and plasmonic platforms. Advances in sampling interfaces for sweat, saliva, tears, breath and urine are examined, together with state-of-the-art nanobiosensors for glucose, lipids, adipokines and inflammatory markers, including multiplex and wearable systems. We highlight integration with mobile health technologies, data analytics and multimodal sensing, and critically examine challenges in analytical validation, clinical translation, regulation and equity. Finally, future directions are outlined for personalized, continuous metabolic risk monitoring using nanobiosensors as a cornerstone of precision obesity care.

Keywords: Nanobiosensors; Obesity; Metabolic dysregulation; Non-invasive diagnostics; Wearable sensors.

CITE AS: Odile Patrick Thalia. (2026). Nanobiosensors for Early Detection of Obesity-Associated Metabolic
Dysregulation: Advances in Non-Invasive Diagnostics. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND PHARMACY,7(1):11-20.
https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJPP/2026/711120